Georgia’s Credit Outlook Constrained By Geopolitical Sensitivities, Institutional Risks
In addition, the prospective re-election of Donald J. Trump in the United States could raise risks later this year, given the isolationist foreign-policy stance of the former president.
Any Pro-western Pivot In The Future Might Abruptly Elevate Geopolitical Risk
For Georgia, any medium-run pro-Western pivot could abruptly elevate geopolitical risk, especially given its geographical border with Russia. Russia’s 2008 invasion was intended to halt Georgia’s EU and NATO accession under ex-President Mikheil Saakashvili (Figure 1). Occupation of secessionist South Ossetia and Abkhazia is ongoing. Risks could escalate, for example, following future elections given the underlying pro-EU undertone and sentiment of a significant share of the population.
Closer links with the European Union as envisioned by conditional candidate status for accession announced in December last year may further stress relations with Russia, especially if Georgia makes material progress on meeting accession conditions.
Russia is unlikely to tolerate any nation of the European Union or NATO on the country’s southern rim. The incumbent Georgian Dream government has sought to pursue a more pro-Russian policy, partially as recognition of risks following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. However, if Georgia edges politically nearer to Russia, this moves it further away from any EU accession, raises risk of secondary Western sanctions, enhances domestic polarisation (given the pro-Ukraine sentiments of citizens and the political opposition), and risks anti-democratic changes from Russian influence.
So, whatever way Georgia moves geopolitically within this turbulent environment will lead to challenges and associated risk for the BB credit rating.
Figure 1. World Bank Governance Indicators (Georgia) and Georgia and Ukraine geopolitical history
Domestic Institutional Risks Weigh On Credit Outlook
As the Georgian Dream government seeks to square the circle – seeking closer ties for security reasons with the European Union and, in parallel, with Russia – an increasing influence of Russia within policy making elevates institutional challenges.
Recent elections have brought accusations of vote rigging. The October-2024 general elections are fast approaching, and a rift between the government and the nation’s pro-EU president Salomé Zourabichvili weighs on the coherence and credibility of EU-accession aims. Imprisoning pro-EU ex-President Saakashvili has attracted global disapproval even as a Kremlin-inspired foreign-agents law was dropped last minute only following meaningful protests.
From an economic perspective, Georgia’s historical advantages stemming from a strong relationship with the International Monetary Fund have recently waned. A precautionary USD 280m Stand-by Arrangement has been on hold since the middle of last year following questions concerning central-bank independence after changes shielding a pro-Russian former chief prosecutor from US sanctions.
Economic Out-performance And Fiscal Trajectory Support The Outlook
Despite current geopolitical and rising institutional risks, recent exceptional economic out-performance continues to support Georgia’s sovereign credit rating. Contrary to most analysts’ expectations, the war in Ukraine has to-date significantly benefited Georgia economically since 2022 due to significant inflows of labour and skills from the warring nations as well as funds in the form of remittances, transit trade and direct investment. Following growth of an estimated 7.5% last year, the rating agency sees real growth moderating to a still-strong 5.3% this year before converging on medium-run growth potential of 5% by next year.
Strong output growth and a track record of fiscal prudence are anchoring debt sustainability at this stage. Under Scope Ratings’ base-case scenario, public debt is expected to fall under 35% of GDP by 2028, from 39.4% last year and 60.2% at 2020 highs. Government debt has a favourable structure with a long average maturity, modest interest payments, and is primarily owed to the foreign official sector. Even as it reduces rates, the National Bank of Georgia continues its prudent and comparatively hawkish monetary policy, keeping inflation exceptionally low.
For a look at all of today’s economic events, check out our economic calendar.
Dennis Shen is Senior Director in Sovereign and Public Sector ratings at Scope Ratings GmbH, and primary analyst on Georgia’s sovereign credit rating.
